Sodium
SODIUM
Sodium (symbol Na) is a chemical element and has atomic number 11. It is one of the macro element needed by the body (required in large amount). Sodium is the major extracellular electrolyte and exists as the fully water-soluble cationNa+
DIETARY SOURCES
Sodium occur naturally in most foods; the most common form of sodium is Sodium occur naturally in most foods; the most common form of sodium is sodium chloride which is table salt. Naturally, sodium occur in food such as milk, beets, vegetables e.g. celery, breads, cereals. Drinking water also contain some amount of Sodium but the amount depends on the sources Foods high in sodium includes processed meats, pickled foods, some canned foods, cheeses, sauces. Restaurant foods, fast foods and pre-packed foods are usually containing very high amount of sodium
ROLES OF SODIUM IN THE HUMAN BODY
Plasma membrane enzyme sodium–potassium-ATPase(Na+/K+-ATPase) pumps sodium out of cells and returns potassium inside cells while ATP is hydrolysed. Signal transmission along nerve cells, active transport of nutrients into the enterocyteand muscle contraction/ relaxation all depend on the Na+/K+-ATPase pump. In the muscle there is an additional pump, the sodium–calcium system.
Fluid balance (osmoregulation) Sodium works with potassium to maintain normal water balance in the body. Normally minerals attract water to themselves. Also Sodium attract chemically water to itself, thus assuring the level of hydration both inside and outside of the cell is maintained. In human there is a system that control Sodium level to prevent dehydration as the Na attracts water to itself but this does not mean that we should have high intake of Sodium in the body. The Na intake should be in certain required amount according to body needs and not in excess in certain required amount according to body needs and not in excess Blood volume maintenance Sodium maintains blood volume and thus blood pressure within the body. If either blood volume or sodium level gets too high our body stimulates the kidney to excrete excess sodium and returning the blood volume to normal level. And if sodium level blood volume falls below the required amount, the kidney will be less stimulated to excrete sodium, thus reduced urinary sodium excretion returning the blood volume to normal level.
Normal nerve transmission and function Sodium plays an important role in nerve impulse transmission process, they carry nerve impulses in form of electrical charges known as electrolyte. A nerve cell at rest is positively charged. Potassium ions inside the cell and outside the cell is surrounded by Sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions. When stimulated potassium rush out of the cell as Na+rush in, then an electrical signals or nerve impulse is created. these electrolytes cause the muscles to contract and nerve cells transmission. contract and nerve cells transmission. Normal muscles contraction and relaxation Sodium ions trigger muscles contraction and nerve impulse when they shift places across the cell membranes. In this role, Sodium works closely with potassium. Formation of mineral apatite of bones
SODIUM METABOLISM
Plasma sodium is tightly regulated through a hormone system, which also regulates water balance, pH, and osmotic pressure. Sodium performs its metabolic activities in association with Renin-angiotensinsystem, a hormone system RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM regulate sodium level in the blood so as to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. Lowering serum sodium and blood pressure leads to the formation of protein called Reninin kidneys. Renintravels in blood and cleaves another protein into the active hormone, angiotensin. Angiotensintargets adrenal glands, hypothalamus active hormone, angiotensin. Angiotensintargets adrenal glands, hypothalamus and muscle tissue surrounding arteries to rapidly restore blood volume and pressure RENIN; is an enzyme that is known as angiotensin converting enzyme. Renin cause the production of aldosterone(from adrenal glands) and angiotensin hormone that cause sodium excretion in the urine. Similarly, when the level of sodium decreases the renin formation decrease; when renin level decrease it leads to the low production of angiotensin and aldosterone hormones which will inhibits more excretion of sodium through urine hence sodium returns to normal level 16
BODY REQUIREMENTS
According to analysis dietary data, a team of nutritionist advises keeping sodium intake to a daily maximum of 2300 milligrams for adults to age of 50. And then cutting back to a maximum of 1500 milligrams for those 51 older. Also the maximum intake of sodium during pregnancies is also the same amount to normal adults that is 2300 milligrams in maximum amount. 2300 milligrams in maximum amount. And for the people with problems like hypertension are recommended to require not more than 1500mg per day
EFFECT OF EXCESSIVE INTAKE OF SODIUM
In most people, kidneys have troubles keeping up with the excess sodium in the bloodstream. As the amount of sodium increase it accumulates in the bloodstreams, the body holds into water to dilute sodium this leads to increase in both the amount of fluid surrounding cells and volume of blood vessels. Increase the volume of blood means more work for the heart and more pressure on blood vessels. The over extra work and pressure on blood vessels leading to high blood pressure, heart attack and stroke. It ca also leads to heart leading to high blood pressure, heart attack and stroke. It ca also leads to heart failure. High blood pressure can cause CARDIOVASCULAR diseases.
Excessive salt intakes are usually excreted efficiently in healthy individuals, whereas high plasma sodium may be caused by diabetes, brainstem injury and dehydration (excessive sweating or deficient water intake). Excessive salt intake may have roles in the degenerative diseases of coronary heart disease, blood pressure, stroke, gastric cancer, osteoporosis, and bronchial hyperactivity
Sodium (symbol Na) is a chemical element and has atomic number 11. It is one of the macro element needed by the body (required in large amount). Sodium is the major extracellular electrolyte and exists as the fully water-soluble cationNa+
DIETARY SOURCES
Sodium occur naturally in most foods; the most common form of sodium is Sodium occur naturally in most foods; the most common form of sodium is sodium chloride which is table salt. Naturally, sodium occur in food such as milk, beets, vegetables e.g. celery, breads, cereals. Drinking water also contain some amount of Sodium but the amount depends on the sources Foods high in sodium includes processed meats, pickled foods, some canned foods, cheeses, sauces. Restaurant foods, fast foods and pre-packed foods are usually containing very high amount of sodium
ROLES OF SODIUM IN THE HUMAN BODY
Plasma membrane enzyme sodium–potassium-ATPase(Na+/K+-ATPase) pumps sodium out of cells and returns potassium inside cells while ATP is hydrolysed. Signal transmission along nerve cells, active transport of nutrients into the enterocyteand muscle contraction/ relaxation all depend on the Na+/K+-ATPase pump. In the muscle there is an additional pump, the sodium–calcium system.
Fluid balance (osmoregulation) Sodium works with potassium to maintain normal water balance in the body. Normally minerals attract water to themselves. Also Sodium attract chemically water to itself, thus assuring the level of hydration both inside and outside of the cell is maintained. In human there is a system that control Sodium level to prevent dehydration as the Na attracts water to itself but this does not mean that we should have high intake of Sodium in the body. The Na intake should be in certain required amount according to body needs and not in excess in certain required amount according to body needs and not in excess Blood volume maintenance Sodium maintains blood volume and thus blood pressure within the body. If either blood volume or sodium level gets too high our body stimulates the kidney to excrete excess sodium and returning the blood volume to normal level. And if sodium level blood volume falls below the required amount, the kidney will be less stimulated to excrete sodium, thus reduced urinary sodium excretion returning the blood volume to normal level.
Normal nerve transmission and function Sodium plays an important role in nerve impulse transmission process, they carry nerve impulses in form of electrical charges known as electrolyte. A nerve cell at rest is positively charged. Potassium ions inside the cell and outside the cell is surrounded by Sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions. When stimulated potassium rush out of the cell as Na+rush in, then an electrical signals or nerve impulse is created. these electrolytes cause the muscles to contract and nerve cells transmission. contract and nerve cells transmission. Normal muscles contraction and relaxation Sodium ions trigger muscles contraction and nerve impulse when they shift places across the cell membranes. In this role, Sodium works closely with potassium. Formation of mineral apatite of bones
SODIUM METABOLISM
Plasma sodium is tightly regulated through a hormone system, which also regulates water balance, pH, and osmotic pressure. Sodium performs its metabolic activities in association with Renin-angiotensinsystem, a hormone system RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM regulate sodium level in the blood so as to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. Lowering serum sodium and blood pressure leads to the formation of protein called Reninin kidneys. Renintravels in blood and cleaves another protein into the active hormone, angiotensin. Angiotensintargets adrenal glands, hypothalamus active hormone, angiotensin. Angiotensintargets adrenal glands, hypothalamus and muscle tissue surrounding arteries to rapidly restore blood volume and pressure RENIN; is an enzyme that is known as angiotensin converting enzyme. Renin cause the production of aldosterone(from adrenal glands) and angiotensin hormone that cause sodium excretion in the urine. Similarly, when the level of sodium decreases the renin formation decrease; when renin level decrease it leads to the low production of angiotensin and aldosterone hormones which will inhibits more excretion of sodium through urine hence sodium returns to normal level 16
BODY REQUIREMENTS
According to analysis dietary data, a team of nutritionist advises keeping sodium intake to a daily maximum of 2300 milligrams for adults to age of 50. And then cutting back to a maximum of 1500 milligrams for those 51 older. Also the maximum intake of sodium during pregnancies is also the same amount to normal adults that is 2300 milligrams in maximum amount. 2300 milligrams in maximum amount. And for the people with problems like hypertension are recommended to require not more than 1500mg per day
EFFECT OF EXCESSIVE INTAKE OF SODIUM
In most people, kidneys have troubles keeping up with the excess sodium in the bloodstream. As the amount of sodium increase it accumulates in the bloodstreams, the body holds into water to dilute sodium this leads to increase in both the amount of fluid surrounding cells and volume of blood vessels. Increase the volume of blood means more work for the heart and more pressure on blood vessels. The over extra work and pressure on blood vessels leading to high blood pressure, heart attack and stroke. It ca also leads to heart leading to high blood pressure, heart attack and stroke. It ca also leads to heart failure. High blood pressure can cause CARDIOVASCULAR diseases.
Excessive salt intakes are usually excreted efficiently in healthy individuals, whereas high plasma sodium may be caused by diabetes, brainstem injury and dehydration (excessive sweating or deficient water intake). Excessive salt intake may have roles in the degenerative diseases of coronary heart disease, blood pressure, stroke, gastric cancer, osteoporosis, and bronchial hyperactivity
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